Hydroxyl Radicals Explained
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Hydroxyl radicals (OH) are extremely reactive, non-selective molecules capable of breaking down thousands of different contaminants. In the atmosphere, they help regulate volatile gases such as formaldehyde, methane and hydrofluorocarbons. Because they are abundant outdoors and play a major role in reducing air pollution, scientists often refer to hydroxyl radicals as the "detergent of the atmosphere."
Beyond their environmental role, hydroxyl radicals are also used for antimicrobial and antiviral purposes. For instance, they can be produced through reactions involving hydrogen peroxide, a common ingredient in disinfectants. Some air purifiers generate positive and negative ions that attach to the surfaces of bacteria and viruses, triggering the formation of hydroxyl radicals. These radicals rapidly degrade proteins and cell membranes, neutralizing harmful pathogens.
Certain devices such as ozone-based humidifiers, produce hydroxyl radicals directly through the decomposition of ozone. The resulting radicals can inactivate both airborne and surface-level bacteria and viruses, contributing to cleaner, safer indoor environments.